Binary Signals In Impedance Spectroscopy
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Wideband excitation signal with finite prominent harmonic components is desirable for fast bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurements. This work introduces a simple method to synthesize and realize a type of periodical stair-step multifrequency synchronized (MFS) signal. The Fourier series analysis shows that the p-order MFS signal f( p, t) has constant 81.06% energy distributed equally on its p 2 nth primary harmonics.
Using of binary waveforms in the fast impedance spectroscopy of biological objects is discussed in the paper. There is shown that the energy of binary waveforms can be concentrated onto selected separate frequencies. We can optimize the binary excitation waveform depending on the shape of frequency. Min M, Ojarand J, Martens O, Paavle T, Land R, Annus P. Binary signals in impedance spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC '12); 2012; pp.
The synthesis principle is described firstly and then two examples of the 4-order and 5-order MFS signals, f(4, t) and f(5, t), are synthesized. /forex-striker-srrsrss-rrsrrrsrr.html. The method to implement the MFS waveform based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and a digital to analog converter (DAC) is also presented. Both the number and the frequencies of the expected primary harmonics can be adjusted as needed.
An impedance measurement experiment on a RC three-element equivalent model is performed, and results show acceptable precision, which validates the feasibility of the MFS excitation. Introduction Measurement of some kind of physical parameters over a broad frequency range, a technique called spectroscopy measurement, is very popular in modern scientific researches and engineering applications. For example, bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) technology, which performs measurement of complex electrical impedance of biomaterials over a certain frequency range, can provide valuable information about the physiological status of living tissues []. In recent years, BIS technology has been increasingly wide studied and adopted in clinical diagnoses on tissue ischemia [, ], cancer [, ], and radiation sequelae []. The most commonly used BIS measurement technique is the traditional frequency-sweep approach which performs measurement of impedance at a single frequency point in a time and sweeps the specific frequencies in the range of interest [, ].
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Binary Signals In Impedance Spectroscopy Equipment
Binary Signals In Impedance Spectroscopy Theory
The main characteristic of frequency-sweep is the relatively long measuring time [, ]. However, the physiological status of living body, such as the cardiovascular system, is dynamic because of its blood flow, heartbeat, and other factors. The frequency-sweep method actually measures the steady-state response of biological time-varying systems, and the dynamic behavior is usually removed from the impedance signal by means of averaging [, ]. So the BIS data based on frequency-sweep measurement technology cannot accurately represent the instantaneous impedance spectra and may lose important diagnostic information [, ]. In recent years, the multifrequency simultaneous measurement technique, which applies a broadband excitation and gains its resulting frequency response by means of spectral analysis using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm, has been becoming popular for time-varying bioimpedance [,,, ]. Compared to the frequency-sweep approach, this fast BIS approach can reduce measuring time drastically by obtaining the impedance frequency response at different frequencies simultaneously and will be highly desirable for time-varying biological systems, such as the respiratory or cardiovascular systems [, ]. Excitation signal with wide spectrum is a crucial part for multifrequency simultaneous measurement of BIS.